Unit 8 stuffs

Analogue:

Analogue is the broadcasting of encoded audio signals, transmitting sound waves, and video waves showing what colours have to be used, and the brightness of the colour.
The earliest analogue televisions originally used spinning disks with holes imprinted in to scan an image, with another disk to then recreate the image on the television, but since the creation of the Cathode-Ray tube, that spreads or 'writes' the image faster and more efficient than the disk method. Whereas recently more and more people are moving from analogue to mediums such as digital and satellite, with Sky being one of the most popular in the UK. 

On-Demand:

On demand having only recently become popular down to the releases of several on demand internet resources, some of these being ITV player, BBC iPlayer, and 4oD. In 1994 in England a VOD service formed a major part of the Cambridge digital Interactive Television trial- Now known as Virgin Media. These on demand services having recently been promoted by several other platforms such as Xbox and playstation have become one of the most popular forms of viewing media. These services can also be used online to view programmes you may have missed, there footage on the demand services are deleted after several weeks to make more room for new programmes to get uploaded onto the site. By 2006 there were 142 VOD services available in europe, and by 2009 this number had increased to approximately 650, that was mostly down to the increasing popularity of television shows and party because of the lack of time people have throughout weekdays to watch certain shows.


Internet:

The internet has developed over the years from having to use services such as AOL to BT infinity ever since the creation of computers in the 1950's. Several causes for the development of the internet are due to the companies that use it as a medium, for example the company Youtube work entirely over the internet, and other sites such as ebay and amazon for example. The use of the internet has also developed along with itself from being restricted to only using it from computers to now using wifi and 3G to access the internet on mobile devices. Using the internet has also been a popular medium for film and television production studios to sell productions not just to computers and other mobile devices but also on gaming consoles that have begun to partner up with these companies to further push sales and audiences. 

Pay Per View:

The term "pay-per-view" did not come into general use until the late 1980s companies like the american TV stations  HBO and Showtime stated using a pay per view system to make a small amount of extra cash on there wrestling programs with prices ranging from £3.99 to £49.99. Now though this has spread to this UK and channels such as sky box office provide a pay per view service on all big boxing matches. The future if this service is looking good as you can now buy daily subscriptions to sky sports which is the most popular pay per view service in the UK.  Pay per view is where something on television will be broadcasted for a set price and to watch this you would have to buy the channel, the programme is then broadcasted at a set time where you would have to tune in to watch the channel. An example of this would be watching sky box office and buying a film to view that would begin at the same time as everybody else watching it. People in the UK can access pay per view services via cable, satellite and over the internet, with sports covering most of the available programmes as of 2009. 

Shooting on Film 

The first digital cameras were developed in the late 80's and were used only on very high budget productions. Until this time all cameras used film to shoot on. Though today there are many ways to shoot a movie digitially there are still many directors and film companies which prefer the good-old fashioned method of shooting on film. Movies today which are shot on film include Django Unchained, The Fighter, The Master and Lincoln. This proves that film is very much alive and will never be fully replaced by digital as it has the backing and is the chosen method of big directors such as Quentin Tarrentino and Stephen Spielberg.  Cinema goers also have been used to the "film look" and to change to digital would upset that trend. This is similar to the circumstance last year when viewers of The Hobbit complained about the newly introduced 48 fps because it moved from the standard 24 fps.

High definition

 Modern-day HDTV as we know it was started in Japan by the Japan Broadcasting Corporation in 1970.  The JBC in 1980 came up with the concept of which included, among other things, the definition of wide screen format and 1100-line scanning structure which was the basis of HD. After 35 years of development, high definition television is finally available in the consumer marketplace. a 1080p HDTV offers about six times the Quality of a rahular 480p SDTV signal. HDTV also features a wider (16:9) aspect ratio format which is closer to what the human eye sees.  The future of HD is in jerpoady though as the new higher resolution 4K HDTVs will soon take over.  

digital Recorders

As I mentioned earlier the first digital cameras were developed in the late 80's and were used only on very high budget productions and at the time was a revolutionary technology as it cut out so much of the then considered costly and inefficient process of shooting on film. There are disadvantages of shooting digitially for reasons such a you can't achieve the true "film look" that film obviously can and unlike when shooting in film everything has to be backed up after each shot. But the advantages outweigh the disadvantages such as you don't have to wait for the film to be developed and more majorly there is no cost of the film your shooting on. Films such as the hobbit, the hunger games and sky fall are examples of fils shot on digital recording equipment. 

Job roles and working patterns

Job Roles:

Management

Production Managers run productions for  the Producer and the Line Producer. They help to determine the most efficient and economic way to schedule shoots,also to negotiate business deals for crews, locations and technical equipment, and make day-to-day production decisions. They have to be excellent communicators and prepared to work very long hours, and also be able to react calmly under intense pressure. The job is usually quite challenging but well paid, usually on a freelance basis. To gain a job in this sector you must have a lot of experience in the industry.  

Creative

Some examples of creative roles would be directors, script writes and casting directors. These jobs are mostly dedicated to making the film accurate and realistic for the audience, in horror films for example these people are very important as make-up managers would be included as a creative job roll. Directors work for very long intensive hours as they control lots of aspects of production and are involved in all of the film. There are several director roles in every production, there is the Film director, Assistant director and second assistant director.

Editorial

Editorial jobs in the television and media industries mostly include you having to edit and produce productions and publish content, these editorial jobs vastly range throughout industries as they are needed in jobs such as Newspapers, online news and many other productions. When in an editorial job you often work from offices and at home and are expected to wok to deadlines like technical jobs sometimes for journalists and other colleagues, you often co-operate with other groups of people, often research teams. The average salary for somebody with an editorial job is around £25,000 and have entry requirements of a Higher National Diploma.

Technical

Some examples of technical roles in Television and films would be such jobs like sound editors, Foley sound editors, Camera men and really just any technical roles that require techniques as such. These roles would often require you to create products, like certain shots or sounds that would have to produce to the employers specifications, they would often be working on set of a production and co-operating with directors.

The wage for these kinds of jobs start around £23,000 and could go up to £40,000 with working hours typically 9-5 and could be more as deadlines are sometimes set so extra hours would be needed.

Research

Research job roles include Location, cast, audience and production research. These jobs often work along side other jobs in the same industry, an example of this would be people in financial jobs within the industry. Research would often be done in pre production.There are several different types of research that would be requested, quantitative and qualitative, and primary and secondary. People with these jobs would first work for minimal payment or for free before getting a full time job. Freelance and short term contracts are often used for payment. 

Financial

Jobs within this sector would include, accountants or financial management, the wages can vary depending on previous experience, they can go up to 38-45,000 pro rata. These jobs would work along side most of the other roles within the industry, for example some of these jobs would work along side organisational job roles. These roles would require you to constantly watch over the funding of the production, you would be payed per contract for a fixed rate and would have to work for a fixed time. 

Organisational

Directors are the head of all roles in the film industry.  They decide what happens in the film or programme. Sometimes they are assigned a script to follow but they can sometimes write their own which they can change freely. Directors are paid an annual sum of £70,000 on average. Some well known directors are, Steven Spielberg, Ridley Scott and Christopher Nolan. Producers are also in charge of a lot of job roles, as you can see in the image below. The producers and directors are often involved in most if not all of the jobs under them in the hierarchy. As directors such as Quentin Tarantino do, directors that are involved in every aspect of a production are known as auteurs.

 Admin

Administration roles include such jobs as Marketing managers. These jobs would include having to constantly monitoring the market for any trends, exploring ways of improving existing products and also identifying productions that have been successful. Jobs within this sector would regularly work with researchers on a regular basis, they would mostly work from an office or at home for on average 37 hours a week. The average salary for an administration job is £25-30,000. These jobs often require training, and the qualifications needed for these jobs are usually a higher national diploma, or a degree.

Working patterns:

Shift work

This is where someone would be given a select shift- time period to work in. These shifts are divided up into day, and night shifts. Some Jobs within the media industry that are based on shift work would be mostly administration jobs. Advantages to doing a shift job is that the employee behind the job will turn up at a set time and leave at a set time, making the job easy to control.

Fixed Term:

Fixed term working patterns are where an employee works to a specific contract that both starts and ends at a particular time. there are several special rules for being on a fixed term contract. The jobs that often would be on a fixed term contract would be research jobs, as film studios would often hire somebody to research for example the geo demographics of a specific films audience. The advantages of this are that as an employer you know exactly what you are going to get at the end of the term therefore making it a very safe way of collecting primary information. 

Office hours:

Office hours are the hours of which business would normally be conducted,9-5. jobs within the media that go on office hours would be Administration and research jobs, with specific roles being marketing design and direction and product improvement. With the marketing working in conjunction with the research team, working with focus groups and then improving the products marketing campaign.

Freelance:

A Freelancer doen't work from 9-5, as they can spend their own allotted time on a project. jobs within the media are not set hours and take a long time to complete,examples of these jobs would be editors. People on freelance will often be set a deadline for the completion date and will do the job in their own time for a set fee upon the jobs completion. 

Hourly rates:

The hourly rates depend on what job it is; an example of this would be that a cameraman gets payed £23.84 an hour, the minimum amount being £10.05 and the maximum amount £39.71. The hours you would normally do as a cameraman would alternate depending on the filming times and often work long shifts covering days and nights. 

Piece work:

piece work is when someone makes a piece of work and gets paid for it. this work takes as long as it takes to complete. An example of this would be set design. Piece work would often include signing a contract with a set deadline and payment with the employee working in their own time as long as they can just 

Foley sound Planning Matrix & Animation combined

The Matrix Foley Sound

For The Matrix we will need the following sounds:

-A gunshot sound 04-10 and 14-16 For this we could use an air rifle shot, or just create a loud banging sound, perhaps by dropping something of a large weight, or slamming something that weighs a lot.

-A punching sound 00-01 For this sound we can either punch something of a similar texture and consistency of human flesh, hence punching meat is a viable option.

-A falling sound 03-04 We can drop/ throw something on the floor of a similar weight and texture of a human body, for this we could drop something like a full bag, or some meat. 

-A newspaper tearing sound 04-05 For this we can just rip a newspaper as is done in the clip, or if we can't find a newspaper we can always just tear some paper with our hands.

-Phone/ Radio sounds 10-13 For this we could just get a radio and tune it slightly out of a radio station, so you can hear the voices and the static.

-Shouting 36-37 For this we can find the actual clip, hear what is being shouted and then copy it in our own version and fit it into the clip.

-Footsteps 13-14 For this sound we will need to get several different footstep sounds on a hard floor, like tiles or marble with boots on like the men in the clip and overlay them over each other to make it sound like there are multiple people.

-Picking up a bag 20-21 For this sound we can just use a bag filled with something and swipe it along a table made from a similar material. Or we can get similar fabric and rub it along a similar material that the table is made from.

-Throwing gun on floor sound 22-23 and 24-25 For this sound we can get a shape of similar size, mass and material as the gun and drop in on the floor as is done in the clip, or we can gather a collection of different sounds and merge the all together to create one sound. 

-Gun drawing sound 25-26 For this we can scrape an object against another objects of similar materials, or find an object that resembles a gun and draw it like what is done in the clip.

Animation Foley sound:

The first sound we need on this clip is a stirring and steaming/ bubbling sound. We can get this sound by boiling some water and recording the sound, to merge with this sound we can use a metal scraping sound to resemble the stirring of the spoon. We can get the bubbling sound by just boiling a pan of water. After this we will then need to get a dripping sound for the water falling off of the spoon when the spoon is taken out of the water. Following this we will then also need a pepper grinding sound when he grinds something into the pan, we can get this by just grinding something and record the sound. After this we will need a sound for the glass cup being picked up, and then the liquid dripping into the mix, for this one we can just re use the previous dripping sound from the spoon foley sound. We will then need to get another stirring sound of a knife, then record a sound of a can being picked up, with a higher volume steaming sound overlapped over this. We will then need a sound of a knife cutting into another piece of metal, that we can get by recreating what it going on in the clip (cutting through a can). After this we will then need a sound of the main character throwing the items on the floor. At the ending of the clip we will need the beeping sound the road runner uses in the cartoon, and to get this we will have to get this from the internet followed by an impact sound that we can get followed by a breaking sound that we can get from the internet also.

Over the whole clip we will get a soundtrack to cover the white noise making it more interesting from youtube, keeping in mind that it cant be copyrighted. 

Foley Sound/diagetic and non diagetic

Diagetic/ Non-diagetic Sound:

In the film industries, several different types of sound is used. These are, diagetic, non-diagetic and Foley sound. Diagetic sound is sound that's source is visible on screen or if a sound is made by someone doing a certain action on screen, or any sound that is caused by an action in the scene.

Sound can alternate depending on the scenario/ situation. An example of this is the used of sound and music in action scenes. Music is used in scenes to change the audiences emotions when watching a certain scene. In Jaws for example music is used to create suspense as the Jaws music is only used when an attack is imminent. Whereas say, in a romantic scene, slower and more calm music is used to slow down the scene, making it less tense and loud.
 Foley sound can also be used to cover up any unwanted sound in a scene. Sometimes sound that may appear to be diagetic and on the scene may change to become non diagetic, an example of this would be someone talking with a cut to another location or scene with the narration still going on. Most television shows have their own theme song that everyone would know that plays before and after the episode and sometimes in the episode to highlight certain scenes to make them seem more important to the story of it, an example of this is Game of Thrones. On the other hand sometimes no music is played to make every sound that does happen louder, building tension as when something important happens in films and television you expect music to play reflecting the mood of the scene, with no music however you don't know how to feel, making the viewer seem even more unsure as to what will occour. when music is played like this it is non diagetic sound unless it is being made in the world of the film. 

Foley Sound:

Foley sound was invented by jack donovan foley in 1927 when he started working in 1914 with universal studios on silent films. Foley sound is where sound would be recorded separately from the film or what it is being used for and is edited over the footage you are using to make the sounds seem louder and sharper. 
These were first used for movies but are now used in all types of things, like modern television and now due to the use of foley sounds it it used a lot in video games now too. In movies foley sound is more commonly used in war films seen as there is a lot going on at once it is needed to make certain actions stand out and make them seem more important, in these types of films the gunshots are normally foley sound as they sometimes don't use real guns. However in the film Heat the director decided to use blanks and kept all of the gunshots in to add to the chaos of the scene, making it feel out of control and dangerous. 

Exercise:
In this exercise we are making Foley sound to go over a clip. For this we will use certain objects to create sound that could reflect what is happening on the clip, By throwing things off of a table for example, or by swirling water to create the feel that someone is making soup. After making all of the sound we will dub it over the video in final cut pro.
We will make these sounds by using a recorder and the resources available to create suitable sounds for the clip we are doing.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6ldWszaMiU

I think that the foley sound that we made for the clip did enhance the video and the story telling, but i feel there could be improvements. The fact it was made on final pro was i think took some time getting used to as neither of us had loads of experience editing on it, but despite this i think that we did a good job adding the sounds we recorded at the right time in the clip, but, when recording the tumbling sound at the end of the video we had to record it indoors because of the background noise of the wind was interfering so recording sound indoors caused an alteration in the sounds that we wanted as the sound we recorded at the end had echoes in the background and was also recorded on a hard surface instead of dirt, changing the sound and making it sound less gritty because if we successfully recorded the sound first time, on dirt the sound in the video would alternate more, instead of being just a flat sound. We used music from safari when finished to fill in some of the parts of white noise and to make the video seem calmer and more interesting to watch.
We also got a sound of a car breaking for when the roadrunner runs past and runs off of the shot, we also used a very short sound of the sound the roadrunner makes in the cartoons for the ending. 

The matrix Foley sound

The Matrix Foley Sound

For The Matrix we will need the following sounds:

-A gunshot sound 04-10 and 14-16 

-A punching sound 00-01 We can just punch something of a similar strength of a body.

-A falling sound 03-04 We can drop/ throw something on the floor of a similar weight of a body.

-A newspaper tearing sound 04-05 For this we can just rip a newspaper as is done in the clip.

-Phone/ Radio sounds 10-13 

-Shouting 36-37 We can shout something that fits with the clip

-Footsteps 13-14 We can just record multiple footstep sounds and lay them over each other. Marble flooring. 

-Picking up a bag 20-21We can just pick up a bag as is done in the film.

-Throwing gun on floor sound 22-23 and 24-25 We will drop something of a similar size and weight on the floor.

-Gun drawing sound 25-26 For this we can scrape an object against another objects of similar materials. 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RjC1J3dhWU

Evaluation:
I think that we did well as we recorded most of the sounds that we wanted with the exception of one that we had to use resources off the internet to get, that was the radio static sound as we couldn't make it. I think we also worked quite well as a team as we recorded the sounds we needed sufficiently quickly. When it came to the editing we both looked and found the soundtrack to go alongside the the rest of the sounds and we also both did the editing. While doing the editing we added some sound panning to make the clip and sounds seem like they have more depth and are not just flat noises as they pan from one speaker to another, we panned the sounds of the footsteps and some of some of the bullet sounds.

 We have made sure that the sound of the video and the background music are in sync with the footage as we did this in the editing process. I think that what we made is appropriate for the audience as it matches the footage and suits what is similar to what i think the actual footage sounds like. I chose to use this soundtrack as it fits with the genre of the film and has no singing in most of it so it does not distract anyone from the rest of the sounds or the clip.We also changed the sound level of the foley sounds that we recorded to be slightly quieter than the soundtrack that i used as when i imported them they broke up the footage as they were too loud.

I think that the finished product is good but i think it would be better if we had had more time as we did start the editing process after we recorded the original sounds but we did not record what laptop we saved it on, hence we had to record the sounds twice, But overall i am happy with the sounds that we recorded and how we manipulated them in the editing process as they are quite crisp as previously when we had recorded sounds the room was quite loud so there were some very faint echoes in the background, that we did try to fix and get rid of, but the sound effects on final cut didn't change the fact there were slight echoes in the background. 

Camera Angles

low angle:
These increase height (useful for short actors like Tom Cruise or James McAvoy) and give a sense of speeded motion. Low angles help give a sense of confusion to a viewer, of powerlessness within the action of a scene. The background of a low angle shot will tend to be just sky or ceiling, the lack of detail about the setting adding to the disorientation of the viewer. The added height of the object may make it inspire fear and insecurity in the viewer, who is psychologically dominated by the figure on the screen.These can also be used similar to the worms eye view but not quite as exaggerated. and are often used in lord of the rings movies to make the characters around the character that the shot has been focused on seem more in power and depending on the situation more epic. These can also be used to show something above the character that he/she is not yet aware of yet.

 High angle:
Not so extreme as a bird's eye view. The camera is elevated above the action using a crane to give a general overview. High angles make the object photographed seem smaller, and less significant (or scary). The object or character often gets swallowed up by their setting - they become part of a wider picture.This is used in the pilot episode of the walking dead when Rick climbs into the tank and the camera pans upwards, showing for the first time in the series how extreme the situation has become. These shots often uncover something that isn't already known by the viewer, and can also be used as a POV shot from something much bigger than the subject of the shot to begin with. 

reverse POV:
A point of view shot (also known as POV shot or a subjective camera) is a short film scene that shows what a character (the subject) is looking at (represented through the camera). It is usually established by being positioned between a shot of a character looking at something, and a shot showing the character's reaction (see  shot reverse shot ).
The technique of POV is one of the foundations of film editing. Pov  Both of these shots are POV shots that help show someones perspective, sometimes making scenes more tense as unlike other shots you can't see any of their surroundings. These are often used to show that someone is being watched or spied on. Sometimes a POV shot is done over the shoulder who remains visible on the screen, when a shot is taken over the shoulder a pull focus is used to make a certain subject seem more dramatic.

Eye Level:
 A fairly neutral shot; the camera is positioned as though it is a human actually observing a scene, so that eg actors' heads are on a level with the focus. The camera will be placed approximately five to six feet from the ground. These re often used in films and television to show characters are having second thoughts or have another motive that hasn't been explained before in the production as the eyes can hint at this by moving them around, instead of being fixed on a singular spot. These shots can also cover as much emotion as a close up shot can as the eyes can easily show how someone is feeling without showing the background or anything around them, making the viewers more tense and unsure as well. 

Birds eye view shot :
This shows a scene from directly overhead, a very unnatural and strange angle. Familiar objects viewed from this angle might seem totally unrecognisable at first (umbrellas in a crowd, dancers' legs). This shot does, however, put the audience in a godlike position, looking down on the action. People can be made to look insignificant, ant-like, part of a wider scheme of things. Hitchcock (and his admirers, like Brian de Palma) is fond of this style of shot.  

Off Centre:  
The Dutch angle, also known as Dutch tilt, canted angle, oblique angle or German angle, is a type of camera shot where the camera is tilted off to one side so that the shot is composed with vertical lines at an angle to the side of the frame. In cinematography, the Dutch angle is one of many cinematic techniques often used to portray psychological uneasiness or tension in the subject being filmed. Many Dutch angles are static shots, but in a moving Dutch angle shot the camera can pivot, pan or track along the established diagonal axis for the shot. A Dutch angle differs from a high-angle shot and low-angle shot in that those refer to placement of the camera in height relative to the subject, which for human subjects is mostly defined by a person's eye-line. A special type of Dutch angle is the Bavarian angle, where the angle is changed by 90° from the common angle where horizontal lines become vertical.

  Worms eye view:  
In cinematography a worm's-eye view is also useful in movie making. It is useful because it can be used as one of the camera shots/views. It is used in filming to look up to something to make an object look tall, and also makes them seem more in power as is often used in fantasy films, where a villain would be stood above another character, an example of this would be in the walking dead (spoiler) when dale has been shot by Daryl it shows dales POV just before he has been shot to make him look like he is in power and that Dale is a lot weaker than him.  

Upside down:    
This angle is used to give the viewer a disorientated feeling towards the scene also the point of view shot is used to make the viewer feel like they are there with the characters. These can also be used to show another characters point of view like the scene between batman and the joker in batman, that isn't just upside down but is also an off centre dutch angle shot to also make the joker seem even more insane than he was already perceived. 

Centre:
 the centre angle is a fairly neutral angle to give the viewer a balanced shot and you can add on extra effects such as zoom effects ect. But they are mainly used in conversation shots as they are more static. disadvantages of using these are that the scenes that use these are normally quite predictable and can be quite boring, but when filming slow scenes with a lot of dialogue this camera angle is one of the only ones you could do without confusing the viewers.          

Side ways Shot:
The shot is another used to disorientate the audience makes the scene more chaotic and distressed and in peril e.g. in gravity the use of side angle and upside down angle adds to the free flowing effect to the shot. These are quite hard to do especially without swapping to another shot, like what is done in Gravity as you would have to move the camera around the whole scene without getting any film crew members in the shot or any equipment in shot, these would often be done in single camera productions. Advantages of this shot on the other hand are that it adds an uncertainty in the scene making the viewer unaware as to what will happen, therefore making it more tense and uncomfortable for the viewer. 

Colour Temperature

When using cameras colour temperature is very important when filming and taking pictures as if you want to create a certain feel or filter for an image you have to control it. An example of controlling colour temperature would be in most rom com films, as they all use filters on lights surrounding the scene to make the scene look warmer.

Colour temperature is measured in Kelvin (K). When the colour temperature is over 5000k it is called a cool colour, whereas when the colour temperature is at 2700-3000k the colours are warm colours. 4000k is moonlight, 6500k is daylight and 15000k is clear blue sky. 



Tungsten lights are 3800k, that is very similar to the colour temperature of moonlight, that is 4100k. 
When filming in the sun the light will change depending on what time of day it is, as it can be red, orange, yellow or white. You can set the white balancing automatically with most cameras as they zoom in on a certain white object to determine the lighting and colours of the rest of the image.

 On some more expensive cameras you can set it manually to your own settings, on these you can white balance on things that aren't white, like light blue for example to make the rest of the image seem warmer, doing this means you won't have to use lighting gel and filters. If you were to use a gel it would not last very long as they wear off and also could even melt after a while depending on the heat from the light.

Filters are used on lamps to change the look of what is on the camera and change the colour temperature coming from the lamp. 

If you wanted to create a warm scene for example you can use a tungsten light to light up the scene and then use a blue gel filter to filter through the light and then white balance the blue through the camera to make the scene look brighter , you can then remove the filter as the camera has been light balanced. But if you wanted to create a more cold darker feel for a shot you would need to use a dark blue gel filter to get the correct white balance.