Camera Angles

low angle:
These increase height (useful for short actors like Tom Cruise or James McAvoy) and give a sense of speeded motion. Low angles help give a sense of confusion to a viewer, of powerlessness within the action of a scene. The background of a low angle shot will tend to be just sky or ceiling, the lack of detail about the setting adding to the disorientation of the viewer. The added height of the object may make it inspire fear and insecurity in the viewer, who is psychologically dominated by the figure on the screen.These can also be used similar to the worms eye view but not quite as exaggerated. and are often used in lord of the rings movies to make the characters around the character that the shot has been focused on seem more in power and depending on the situation more epic. These can also be used to show something above the character that he/she is not yet aware of yet.

 High angle:
Not so extreme as a bird's eye view. The camera is elevated above the action using a crane to give a general overview. High angles make the object photographed seem smaller, and less significant (or scary). The object or character often gets swallowed up by their setting - they become part of a wider picture.This is used in the pilot episode of the walking dead when Rick climbs into the tank and the camera pans upwards, showing for the first time in the series how extreme the situation has become. These shots often uncover something that isn't already known by the viewer, and can also be used as a POV shot from something much bigger than the subject of the shot to begin with. 

reverse POV:
A point of view shot (also known as POV shot or a subjective camera) is a short film scene that shows what a character (the subject) is looking at (represented through the camera). It is usually established by being positioned between a shot of a character looking at something, and a shot showing the character's reaction (see  shot reverse shot ).
The technique of POV is one of the foundations of film editing. Pov  Both of these shots are POV shots that help show someones perspective, sometimes making scenes more tense as unlike other shots you can't see any of their surroundings. These are often used to show that someone is being watched or spied on. Sometimes a POV shot is done over the shoulder who remains visible on the screen, when a shot is taken over the shoulder a pull focus is used to make a certain subject seem more dramatic.

Eye Level:
 A fairly neutral shot; the camera is positioned as though it is a human actually observing a scene, so that eg actors' heads are on a level with the focus. The camera will be placed approximately five to six feet from the ground. These re often used in films and television to show characters are having second thoughts or have another motive that hasn't been explained before in the production as the eyes can hint at this by moving them around, instead of being fixed on a singular spot. These shots can also cover as much emotion as a close up shot can as the eyes can easily show how someone is feeling without showing the background or anything around them, making the viewers more tense and unsure as well. 

Birds eye view shot :
This shows a scene from directly overhead, a very unnatural and strange angle. Familiar objects viewed from this angle might seem totally unrecognisable at first (umbrellas in a crowd, dancers' legs). This shot does, however, put the audience in a godlike position, looking down on the action. People can be made to look insignificant, ant-like, part of a wider scheme of things. Hitchcock (and his admirers, like Brian de Palma) is fond of this style of shot.  

Off Centre:  
The Dutch angle, also known as Dutch tilt, canted angle, oblique angle or German angle, is a type of camera shot where the camera is tilted off to one side so that the shot is composed with vertical lines at an angle to the side of the frame. In cinematography, the Dutch angle is one of many cinematic techniques often used to portray psychological uneasiness or tension in the subject being filmed. Many Dutch angles are static shots, but in a moving Dutch angle shot the camera can pivot, pan or track along the established diagonal axis for the shot. A Dutch angle differs from a high-angle shot and low-angle shot in that those refer to placement of the camera in height relative to the subject, which for human subjects is mostly defined by a person's eye-line. A special type of Dutch angle is the Bavarian angle, where the angle is changed by 90° from the common angle where horizontal lines become vertical.

  Worms eye view:  
In cinematography a worm's-eye view is also useful in movie making. It is useful because it can be used as one of the camera shots/views. It is used in filming to look up to something to make an object look tall, and also makes them seem more in power as is often used in fantasy films, where a villain would be stood above another character, an example of this would be in the walking dead (spoiler) when dale has been shot by Daryl it shows dales POV just before he has been shot to make him look like he is in power and that Dale is a lot weaker than him.  

Upside down:    
This angle is used to give the viewer a disorientated feeling towards the scene also the point of view shot is used to make the viewer feel like they are there with the characters. These can also be used to show another characters point of view like the scene between batman and the joker in batman, that isn't just upside down but is also an off centre dutch angle shot to also make the joker seem even more insane than he was already perceived. 

Centre:
 the centre angle is a fairly neutral angle to give the viewer a balanced shot and you can add on extra effects such as zoom effects ect. But they are mainly used in conversation shots as they are more static. disadvantages of using these are that the scenes that use these are normally quite predictable and can be quite boring, but when filming slow scenes with a lot of dialogue this camera angle is one of the only ones you could do without confusing the viewers.          

Side ways Shot:
The shot is another used to disorientate the audience makes the scene more chaotic and distressed and in peril e.g. in gravity the use of side angle and upside down angle adds to the free flowing effect to the shot. These are quite hard to do especially without swapping to another shot, like what is done in Gravity as you would have to move the camera around the whole scene without getting any film crew members in the shot or any equipment in shot, these would often be done in single camera productions. Advantages of this shot on the other hand are that it adds an uncertainty in the scene making the viewer unaware as to what will happen, therefore making it more tense and uncomfortable for the viewer. 

Colour Temperature

When using cameras colour temperature is very important when filming and taking pictures as if you want to create a certain feel or filter for an image you have to control it. An example of controlling colour temperature would be in most rom com films, as they all use filters on lights surrounding the scene to make the scene look warmer.

Colour temperature is measured in Kelvin (K). When the colour temperature is over 5000k it is called a cool colour, whereas when the colour temperature is at 2700-3000k the colours are warm colours. 4000k is moonlight, 6500k is daylight and 15000k is clear blue sky. 



Tungsten lights are 3800k, that is very similar to the colour temperature of moonlight, that is 4100k. 
When filming in the sun the light will change depending on what time of day it is, as it can be red, orange, yellow or white. You can set the white balancing automatically with most cameras as they zoom in on a certain white object to determine the lighting and colours of the rest of the image.

 On some more expensive cameras you can set it manually to your own settings, on these you can white balance on things that aren't white, like light blue for example to make the rest of the image seem warmer, doing this means you won't have to use lighting gel and filters. If you were to use a gel it would not last very long as they wear off and also could even melt after a while depending on the heat from the light.

Filters are used on lamps to change the look of what is on the camera and change the colour temperature coming from the lamp. 

If you wanted to create a warm scene for example you can use a tungsten light to light up the scene and then use a blue gel filter to filter through the light and then white balance the blue through the camera to make the scene look brighter , you can then remove the filter as the camera has been light balanced. But if you wanted to create a more cold darker feel for a shot you would need to use a dark blue gel filter to get the correct white balance.

Production Blog

7th October
Started pre production, and i started going into more depth of the plot and some of the shots of the video, we also found a location that we could film in and specific shots at the location we chose although we are yet to have a very specific route there. We are basing the video around the song that i pitched, that is called 'Run Boy Run' by Woodkid. We chose a mountain as the setting for the video based on the context of the song and the shots that we could take as the pitch that i did specified that we would need an idyllic when it comes to matching the song with the music.

8th October
Today we finished the pre production powerpoint and started looking at locations on google maps as we were told by tom that one of the three peaks in yorkshire would be a great setting as the land was not owned by anyone, so we chose Pen-Y-Ghent as our setting to go as the research that we did showed that our plot would fit in perfectly with the location. As a group we also started looking at the weather well in advance to make sure that the weather would be good on a day that we wanted to film on.

14th October
Me and Sam W started doing the risk assessment and also the call sheets as we would all have to meet quite early as we wanted to get a time-lapse of the sun rising, hence we will need the contact numbers for meeting up as the weather may alternate on the day.

15th October
Today we decided that we would need a lot of shots as the song is very at at times and we would need a lot of clips to fit with the beat, if we was to edit the video to the music, so we worked out that we would need around one hundred and four shots as this would be two shots every two seconds, as we found this out eddie and tom started doing the story board, implementing some of the shot ideas that we previously discussed.

21st October
Today Tom and Sam carried on making the story board whilst i did some more work brushing up the plan as we have altered the idea slightly as we have merged it into Sam's idea as we thought of ending it with a bright white light, so he thought that we could mix it into the alien idea he pitched.

22nd October
Today we were told that we could not go to the original location as the health and safety would not allow it, so Sam and Tom had some time after college so they researched a few alternate locations that we could go to, and the weather so we would still be able to film in the half term so we would have more time for filming and editing.

30th October
Today we had our first day of filming in the half term as the weather conditions were perfect for the video we had in mind. We didn't get all of the shots we wanted but we did get a large amount of filming done, we have decided that we would go filming again on another day to get more footage but the weather would have to be the same. We had a look at the footage at Toms house afterwards and we have decided on an intro to the video though.

Monday 4th November
Today we went back to a different part of the forrest to get a larger variety of scenery to film some more shots and a time-lapse as we needed some shots to edit into the instrumental section of the song and also we needed more shots in general as we wanted to time every shot to a drum beat and didn't want to replay the same footage very much, hence we would have had to go get more footage.

Tuesday 5th November
We finished off the filming now and have a variety of shots were very happy with, we went back to Toms afterwards to view the footage as we didn't want to view it on the day due to a lack of batteries. We edited the staring third of the song and will have to move the footage we did at Toms to the college macs to do some editing.

Monday 11th November
Today we added all of the work we did on Microsoft word to the powerpoint so it's all in one place, and also finished off the work. Today we also got around to getting our story boards onto the powerpoint.

Tuesday 12th November
We sent scot all of the work as he asked, we tried to move the footage from n external hard-drive that tom had and move them onto a college computer, but because of clashing versions of final cut the videos would not convert over as we had used some effects that you could not use on the older versions, and we did not want to export it as they would then be one video and if we wanted to change something it would be a lot harder.

Thursday 14th November
Today we went over to Toms to make some more progress on the editing as we would have to do it at Toms due to the issues around final cut. We got quite a lot of work done and got most of the video done, we also got all of the footage we got timed to the drum beat to make it more exciting and fast paced.

Monday 25th November
Today we started doing the edit decision list of all of the shots we did and didn't use and the reasons for   why we did/didn't use them

Post Production Workflow Guide

When creating or editing something on apple software you have to first create a new project folder, to do this you must hold ctrl (control) and then click to bring up a drop down option, then click new folder and in this you can save all of your files. Putting all of the footage in one folder makes it easier to find as it's all in one place and you can just search the folder name and find it, whereas if everything wasn't in a folder you would have to find them all individually.
To start editing some footage you must first import some footage:

After the footage has finished importing you can then drag all of the footage from the project tab, thats in the top left and onto the time line, that's on the bottom. This is where you can just import all of the footage and only use what you want as you don't have to drag it all onto the timeline. On the timeline if you are trying to time footage then you can add a marker just by clicking on the top with the moue and align the clip with the time at the top, you can also zoom in on the timeline and see the frames for more optimal timing.
The timeline:

Next to the timeline there are all of the tools that you would need to do a very basic edit of a clip, you can find transitions and effects on the effects and tools tabs at the top of the screen, but if you do use these you must render the clips that you have edited afterwards to add these effects. You can also add audio effects that will be under another option.
Files:
You can export clips as different file formats so you can use them on different software, like exporting something from paint to Photoshop for example. You can also compress files if you are planning on exporting them to put on something like YouTube s they take up less memory and are faster to upload.
Some files wont export onto other software though, as the newest final cut does not export over to older final cuts as the do have other features and some of them wouldn't update.

Cables

Composite Cables:
These carry only one signal and this is in standard definition- (480i/ 576i) , This is a very low quality in comparison to HD. The main uses for these cables are for SECAM, PAL and NTSC. They don't carry audio as it only carries a coloured video because they can carry only one signal. These are usually connected to an RCA jack, that are normally yellow.These cables unlike S-Video and component video cables only carry 1 signal.

S- Video:
This is an analogue cable that carries standard definition (480i and 576i). These wires separate the black and white colour signals therefore improving the image quality compared to the composite cable but has a lower resolution compared to component video. Each pin has it's own ground pin, this is why there are four pins, the fifth pin is just to hold the wire in place. These S-Video cables (Super-video) separate black and white colouring signals to get a better image quality.

Component video:
The red, green and blue wires distribute the colours 3 different ways corresponding to the wires colours.The original imput signal is split up into several component signals. This wire allows use for full HD resolution, but not all tv outputs support this, so it may be limited to
1080i.


VGA:
These wires are typically used for computer monitors, video cards, HDTVs, Laptops, net-books and a load more pieces of equipment. These use the same red, green and blue method as the Component wires do. These allow for higher resolutions, from 640x400 to 2048x1536. Higher resolution cables like this often require coaxial wiring.

DVI Cable:
A DVI Cable is a digital cable meaning no loss in quality, These are found on HDTVs and video cards. There are three different types of these wires, DVI-D, DVI-A and DVI-I. These cables can reach
resolutions up to 3840x2400. These do not transfer audio and these wires come in signal and dual links. These were made by Digital Display Working Group (DDWG) and are used a lot in computers to transfer the image from the monitor to the computer tower. These cables were specifically used to set a standard for the transfer of digital content due to the fact they had no loss in quality.


HDMI Cables:
HDMI Cables are used in may different devices, ranging from computers, cameras, monitors, games consoles and Blu-ray players. HDMI is a single cable that carries video and audio signals digitally, and since its digital there is no loss in the quality. There are several different versions of these wires Version 1.0, that allows 1920x1080p, Version 1.4, that supports Ethernet, 3d and also 3840x2160p at 60fps. Finally version 2.0 supports 3840x2160p at 60fps.

Jacks:
These are used mainly depending on legnth to connect electric guitars- 1/4 inch jacks or commonly used for headphone wires-3.5mm, for phones and also speakers that are meant for a mobile device. These depending on what jack it is have two, three or four contacts, these with all 3 are called TRS connecters,  the T standing for tip, R for ring and S for sleeve. Devices that are compatible with these cables include televisions and phones that both have slots for these wires due to popular usages of headphones. In the media industry these are also used when editing and transferring foley sound, that is a large part of a films soundtrack.


XLR Connector:
These are commonly used for microphones and are used a lot on stage for speakers and amplifiers, They use 3 pins, and is similar to the connection of a jack.There are two sides to these wires, female and male. The female side is usually source and the male side is input, and due to the shape and size of the design, it will never disconnect on it's own accord. In film a common use for these cables are the use of recording sound through a shotgun mic that would be plugged into the camera through this cable. These are similar to smaller and older DIN connecter, but are not compatible with each other.

Sound Panning

Sound Panning:
Sound panning is a lot like camera panning, but with sound instead as this is where sound moves from one speaker to the other or from both to just one, or any other way sound cam move around depending on the speakers. This is used a lot in films in scenes like shootouts and action scenes where bullet sounds would move from one speaker to another as they move across the scene, or when someone can hear footsteps they would often move from one speaker to another to show they are being followed or sneaked up on. 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlw2YpBIq2Q - Inglorious Bastards
In this scene foley sound is used for the baseball bat sound when he is hammering it to add a lot more depth to it and also when he is hitting the German officer to make it sound more brutal., also the sound for the gunshot at the end would also be foley sound to make it sound louder, and to again make it sound more brutal. Sound Panning in this video is used when the camera zooms away from the action as the sound becomes quieter the further away the camera got from it's original source. It is also used when the group are applauding the 'bear Jew' as it cuts to several different people, the clapping and shouting varies in volume.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgrVtgKxttE - Lord of The Rings - Return of the King
In this scene foley sound is used for several different sounds to exaggerate each of them, Like in this scene it would be used for the horse sounds and the bow and arrow sounds, this helps make the viewer feel like they are in the middle of all of the action by making each and every sound a lot louder and sharper. Sound panning is used in this video to make the viewer feel like they are in the middle of the situation as the sound switches depending on where bouts the action is taking place, like the sound of the horses and shouts were coming from the left where as when it cut to the orcs the sounds of the bow and arrows were coming from the right. There is also one part where somebody falls off of his horse and the sound actually changes from when you can see the man and when he falls off of the camera.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFguF3gf-vU - A Place Beyond The Pines
Sound panning is used a lot in this opening scene, as when he is waling through the carnival ground the conversations that go on pan depending on where about they are in relation to him as he is walking through them all making the viewer seem immersed in the scene and feel like they are following him. It is used again when he walking inside of the tent as the sound pans as he walks into the tent from the left, it varies again when he gets onto his bike and into the ball. Foley sound it used when he is walking through the carnival, when you can hear all of the sounds going on, like the music and tunes coming from many of the stalls in the scene, it is also used for when the motor bikes are used to make them sound louder, therefore increasing the excitement in the scene.

Production tutorial Evaluation

Evaluation:

I think that the tutorial video that we made successfully showed how to use and set up the production equipment that we chose to demonstrate (Lights, Cameras, Sound and a reflector). I think it was well done because we showed how to use each part of production to a certain standard. I think that as a group we did a good job in each department of the video, everyone contributed to the editing, and production of the tutorial. I think that the overall production of the video was very good though.

I think we could improve on the video by spending more time working on the editing and on the script as i think that the video could be slightly clearer when it comes to the information and how clear it was. 

We did the editing on final cut pro and used it to add music over the video in the background, and we also used this to add several transitions between shots, but i do think that the close ups on the cameras and lighting that were edited over the main shot added a good sense of detail.

We edited the clip and the sound on final cut pro:

We started the new project by:

You can cut the projects by:

You can crop the sound clips by using the highlighted crop tool:

You can add audio transitions by:

When finished you export it by:

Broadcast systems and television standards

There are several different television standards, PAL, NTSC and SECAM. These three different standards are al used in different places around the world. Each of these are used in different places around the world:

Both PAL and SECAM are 25fps, NTSC on 25fps. 
PAL was developed by Walter Bruch, in Hannover, Germany. PAL was invented due to several errors with NTSC were highlighted, one of these was colour tone shifting. 
SECAM had started being developed in 1956, PAL Stands for PHase Alternating Line.
The first version of SECAM was released in 1961and was the first european colour standard that started in france. It was named SECAM I but improvements had been made over time to improve image quality. This version was called SECAM II. Further improvements were made on the system, hence it was named SECAM III A, Then SECAM III B. NTSC (The National Television System Committee) Was established in 1950 in the united states, it used 25fps,and has 525 scan lines, making it more detailed.NTSC was made in the united states and the NTSC was established by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).NTSC video signals are still used in cctv today.

Advantages/ Disadvantages
PAL:
PAL Has greater resolution than NTSC.
PAL Automatically corrects colours as it has alternating line.
PAL has worse quality an the worst conversion rate out of the three.
PAL has excellent colour stability, and it used in over 65 different countries. 
NTSC:
NTSC Has tint controls that corrects the colour manually corrected. 
NTSC has the worst quality of the three. NTSC runs at 30fps whereas PAL only runs at 25fps, but NTSC has a much smoother clearer image hence it is better for things like sports.
SECAM:
SECAM Has the highest resolution of the three (SECAM, PAL and NTSC).

More recently cable (Virgin and BT), Satellite (Sky) and digital (Freeview) are used to broadcast television. Freeview is free to use and was launched in 20002, when the BBC and Crown Castle (Now Arqiva) officially took over the digital terrestrial television licences. Free-view was made in 2002 may 9th and to this day is one of the only free to air broadcast systems, this was made when BBC and crown court took over british terrestrial television.

Sky was founded in 1990, it is a british satellite broadcast. In the UK and Ireland Sky has over 10 million subscribers. 21st century fox have since owned 39.41% of the company. 

Cable TV(Virgin and BT) was invented in the United states in the 1980's.There are two different standards for cable television, analogue, that would carry standard definition, and digital cable. This could carry High definition. 

Over the internet you can also access sites such as  4oD so view channels and series that you may have missed for free, but the downside to this is that they are not live and the shows are only online on the website for so long before they are deleted and removed.This is very similar to freeview, in freeview you can view movies and television series in advance of the official release sometimes, You have to pay every month for these services.

Advantages/ Disadvantages:
Sky has more channels than cable TV and satellite but it is way more expensive as if you want to buy a large amount of channels you have to buy them monthly and are in bundles so you cant control exactly what you are paying for. 

Viewing on the internet on sites like 4oD is free unlike if you was to buy something on sky but you can only watch a programme if it has been on tele recently whereas on sky these are repeated all of the time and if you get sky + you can record them.

Production Equipment

Cameras:

Film cameras first came about in 1888, when they were invented in England by a Frenchman, Louis Le Prince. These originally filmed at 14-20 fps (Frames per second). In the 1930's the BBC then started experimenting with digital cameras, and were successful.

Digital movie cameras now film at 24 frames per second, the film in the camera is full isolated from the light coming through the lens, the shutter then opens and light is let in on the film, the shutter speed it the amount of times the shutter opens and closes while recording, hence a very short shutter speed means there will be a high fps. Most projects now are filmed in HD (High Definition), this is 1440x1080 pixels or 1280x1080 pixels. Tripods are used when needed when recording to steady the camera, therefore reducing camera wobble and eliminates the possibility of wind or any such force moving the camera when not intended. Different cameras are all used for different types of genre and for different techniques that the director would want to use, IMAX cameras are an example of this as they are used over other DSLR cameras for very large budget films due to their extremely high cost as they have a very good resolution as they can record at 6k whereas an average DSLR camera records at 720p. Another camera commonly used by directors in the modern film industry is the RED camera, used by the likes of Peter Jackson, these cameras cost around $50,000 these can record in 4.5k. 
When using cameras you will need a different camera depending on what your recording and how you are doing it, as different cameras are used depending on if it will be 3d or 2d and for if it will be recorded in a faster fps. There are different lenses that could be used as well for different types of zooms, some examples of these are; 28mm, 50, 70 and 210mm. Settings on the cameras can be changed also to change the white balance and aperture and shutter speed, that is used to change the fps.

Lighting:

Lighting is very important in film and TV as it helps take apart a 2d scene, making it look more 3d, by showing a lighting difference between the actor for example from the background. Several different lights must be used, Key lights, that are placed on a 45 degree angle from the shot. These are used mainly to highlight the dimensions of a subject. A fill lights are used to reduce the contrast of a scene and also illuminate shadowy areas of a scene, whereas a back light is used to illuminate the background. Reflectors can also be used to reflect light onto a certain object, these are also used as a substitute to lights by reflecting natural light. There are several different colours of reflectors, they all have different uses, an example of this would be that golden ones are used to make the subject look warmer and brighter. Lights are a huge part of cinematography in television series as for series by the likes of Game of Thrones for example are filmed with a single camera, giving the director maximum amounts of creativity when cinematography is in mind, but when using multiple cameras the lighting is a lot harder to master due to the fact that the lighting must be consistent between both shots, also when filming with multiple cameras the director has to keep in mind that the cameras but be off shot, as sometimes when filming with multiple cameras some of the filming equipment can be on shot, by the likes of lighting. 

Lighting can also be very useful when colour grading a film as gels can be used to white balance the cameras, adding a filter on the different shots. Different gels are used for different genres of production, as for the likes of comedy and romance films  a gel would be used to make the shot look brighter, adding a happier more feel good theme to the film. Whereas a grey gel would be used in the likes of horror films to make the shot look a lot darker, therefore making the setting scarier and more evil.

Reflectors are often used to add to the lighting when filming in natural light as when filming outdoors in the sun using electric lighting would not make much of a difference, in this case reflectors would often be used to reflect the sun/ moonlight to light up the scene. A golden reflector would be used in sunlight to brighten up the scene, and silver ones to make a better reflective value, whereas white reflectors are used to add exposure to the shot without changing the colour balance. 

Sound:

When recording audio a boom stick is often used to pick up sound without having to use a microphone. These can be covered to prevent the mic from picking up wind up or background sound. Foley sound can also be used to improve the sound quality, this is where sound is recorded elsewhere and added to the movie/ show.  Soundtracks are used in films to reflect the emotion of the scene, telling the viewer what they are going to get, whereas when a soundtrack wouldn't be used in a fight scene for example you are unsure as to what might happen. 
Shotgun mics can be used with a boom stick to pick up sound without having to place a mic on the scene, shotgun mics only pick up sound in the direction they are pointing at. The mics can be covered by either, "a dead cat" or a "dead kitten" to prevent any background noise being picked up, that is usually wind,these are only usually used outdoors. Whereas in other productions different microphones are used, an example of this would be the use of ribbon microphones, the min reason for the uses of these are that they pick up sound well from every side of the mic. 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wsm2q5vvmg