Cameras:
Film cameras first came about in 1888, when they were invented in England by a Frenchman, Louis Le Prince. These originally filmed at 14-20 fps (Frames per second). In the 1930's the BBC then started experimenting with digital cameras, and were successful.
Digital movie cameras now film at 24 frames per second, the film in the camera is full isolated from the light coming through the lens, the shutter then opens and light is let in on the film, the shutter speed it the amount of times the shutter opens and closes while recording, hence a very short shutter speed means there will be a high fps. Most projects now are filmed in HD (High Definition), this is 1440x1080 pixels or 1280x1080 pixels. Tripods are used when needed when recording to steady the camera, therefore reducing camera wobble and eliminates the possibility of wind or any such force moving the camera when not intended. Different cameras are all used for different types of genre and for different techniques that the director would want to use, IMAX cameras are an example of this as they are used over other DSLR cameras for very large budget films due to their extremely high cost as they have a very good resolution as they can record at 6k whereas an average DSLR camera records at 720p. Another camera commonly used by directors in the modern film industry is the RED camera, used by the likes of Peter Jackson, these cameras cost around $50,000 these can record in 4.5k. 
When using cameras you will need a different camera depending on what your recording and how you are doing it, as different cameras are used depending on if it will be 3d or 2d and for if it will be recorded in a faster fps. There are different lenses that could be used as well for different types of zooms, some examples of these are; 28mm, 50, 70 and 210mm. Settings on the cameras can be changed also to change the white balance and aperture and shutter speed, that is used to change the fps.Lighting:
Lighting is very important in film and TV as it helps take apart a 2d scene, making it look more 3d, by showing a lighting difference between the actor for example from the background. Several different lights must be used, Key lights, that are placed on a 45 degree angle from the shot. These are used mainly to highlight the dimensions of a subject. A fill lights are used to reduce the contrast of a scene and also illuminate shadowy areas of a scene, whereas a back light is used to illuminate the background. Reflectors can also be used to reflect light onto a certain object, these are also used as a substitute to lights by reflecting natural light. There are several different colours of reflectors, they all have different uses, an example of this would be that golden ones are used to make the subject look warmer and brighter. Lights are a huge part of cinematography in television series as for series by the likes of Game of Thrones for example are filmed with a single camera, giving the director maximum amounts of creativity when cinematography is in mind, but when using multiple cameras the lighting is a lot harder to master due to the fact that the lighting must be consistent between both shots, also when filming with multiple cameras the director has to keep in mind that the cameras but be off shot, as sometimes when filming with multiple cameras some of the filming equipment can be on shot, by the likes of lighting. Lighting can also be very useful when colour grading a film as gels can be used to white balance the cameras, adding a filter on the different shots. Different gels are used for different genres of production, as for the likes of comedy and romance films a gel would be used to make the shot look brighter, adding a happier more feel good theme to the film. Whereas a grey gel would be used in the likes of horror films to make the shot look a lot darker, therefore making the setting scarier and more evil.
Reflectors are often used to add to the lighting when filming in natural light as when filming outdoors in the sun using electric lighting would not make much of a difference, in this case reflectors would often be used to reflect the sun/ moonlight to light up the scene. A golden reflector would be used in sunlight to brighten up the scene, and silver ones to make a better reflective value, whereas white reflectors are used to add exposure to the shot without changing the colour balance.
Sound:
When recording audio a boom stick is often used to pick up sound without having to use a microphone. These can be covered to prevent the mic from picking up wind up or background sound. Foley sound can also be used to improve the sound quality, this is where sound is recorded elsewhere and added to the movie/ show. Soundtracks are used in films to reflect the emotion of the scene, telling the viewer what they are going to get, whereas when a soundtrack wouldn't be used in a fight scene for example you are unsure as to what might happen. 
Shotgun mics can be used with a boom stick to pick up sound without having to place a mic on the scene, shotgun mics only pick up sound in the direction they are pointing at. The mics can be covered by either, "a dead cat" or a "dead kitten" to prevent any background noise being picked up, that is usually wind,these are only usually used outdoors. Whereas in other productions different microphones are used, an example of this would be the use of ribbon microphones, the min reason for the uses of these are that they pick up sound well from every side of the mic. 